The Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR®; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA; see Fig. 1) has made a significant contribution to drug discovery programs in the pharmaceutical industry since the first commercial instruments were introduced 9 yr ago (1). The key advantage of FLIPR over conventional plate readers is its ability to measure fluorescence emission from multiple wells (96- or 384-well) simultaneously and with high temporal resolution. Consequently, FLIPR has been used extensively to record dynamic intracellular processes such as changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ ion concentration, membrane potential, and pH. Since FLIPR is used to measure a functional response in cells, it is rapidly able to distinguish full agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists at a target of interest, making the system a valuable screening tool for interrogation of compound libraries. Typically, FLIPR can be used to screen more than 150 compound plates per day in a high-throughput screening environment equating to more than 50,000 compounds at a single concentration in a 384-well system.

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