SpringerProtocols: Abstract: Use of the Herpes Simplex Viral Genome to Construct Gene Therapy Vectors

Use of the Herpes Simplex Viral Genome to Construct Gene Therapy Vectors

By: Edward A. Burton², Shaohua Huang², William F. Goins², Joseph C. Glorioso²

Abstract

Full Text

Download PDF (529K)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus (see Fig. 1A-reviewed in ref. 1). The mature virion consists of the following components:

1.	A trilaminar lipid envelope, in which are embedded 10 viral glycoproteins-these are responsible for several functions including receptor-mediated cellular entry (2–5).
2.	A matrix of proteins, the tegument, which form a layer between the envelope and the underlying capsid. Functions of the tegument proteins include: induction of viral gene expression (6–8); shutoff of host protein synthesis immediately following infection (9–12); virion assembly functions.
3.	An icosadeltahedral capsid, typical of the herpesvirus family (13,14).
4.	A core of toroidal double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) (14–16).

Affiliation(s): (2) Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Book Title: Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols

Series: Methods in Molecular Medicine | Volume: 76 | Pub. Date: Oct-07-2002 | Page Range: 1-31 | DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-304-6:01

Subject: Genetics/Genomics

References

Download References

1.	Roizman, B. and Sears, A. E. (1996) Herpes Simplex Viruses and Their Replica-tion, in Fields Virology (Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., and Howley, P. M., eds.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.

2.	Rajcani, J. and Vojvodova, A. (1998) The role of herpes simplex virus glycoproteins in the virus replication cycle. Acta Virol. 42, 103–118.

3.	Spear, P. (1993) Membrane fusion induced by herpes simplex virus, in Viral Fusion Mechanisms (Bentz, J., ed.), CRC, Boca Raton, FL.

4.	Spear, P. G. (1993) Entry of alphaherpesviruses into cells. Semin. Virol. 4, 167–180.

5.	Stevens, A. C. and Spear, P. G. (1997) Herpesvirus capsid assembly and envelopment, in Structural Biology of Viruses (Chiu, W., Burnett, R., and Garcea, R., eds.), Oxford University Press, New York.

6.	Mackem, S. and Roizman, B. (1982) Structural features of the herpes simplex virus alpha gene 4, 0, and 27 promoter-regulatory sequences which confer alpha regulation on chimeric thymidine kinase genes. J. Virol. 44, 939–949.

7.	Batterson, W. and Roizman, B. (1983) Characterization of the herpes simplex virion-associated factor responsible for the induction of alpha genes. J. Virol. 46, 371–377.

8.	Campbell, M. E., Palfreyman, J. W., and Preston, C. M. (1984) Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences which encode a trans-acting polypeptide responsible for stimulation of immediate early transcription. J. Mol. Biol. 180, 1–19.

9.	Read, G. S. and Frenkel, N. (1983) Herpes simplex virus mutants defective in the virion-associated shutoff of host polypeptide synthesis and exhibiting abnormal synthesis of alpha (immediate early) viral polypeptides. J. Virol. 46, 498–512.

10.	Kwong, A. D. and Frenkel, N. (1989) The herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 63, 4834–4839.

11.	Kwong, A. D., Kruper, J. A., and Frenkel, N. (1988) Herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 62, 912–921.

12.	Kwong, A. D. and Frenkel, N. (1987) Herpes simplex virus-infected cells contain a function(s) that destabilizes both host and viral mRNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1926–1930.

13.	Newcomb, W. W., Homa, F. L., Thomsen, D. R., Trus, B. L., Cheng, N., Steven, A., et al. (1999) Assembly of the herpes simplex virus procapsid from purified components and identification of small complexes containing the major capsid and scaffolding proteins. J. Virol. 73, 4239–4250.

14.	Homa, F. L. and Brown, J. C. (1997) Capsid assembly and DNA packaging in herpes simplex virus. Rev. Med. Virol. 7, 107–122.

15.	Furlong, D., Swift, H., and Roizman, B. (1972) Arrangement of herpesvirus deoxyribonucleic acid in the core. J. Virol. 10, 1071–1074.

16.	Puvion Dutilleul, F., Pichard, E., and Leduc, E. H. (1985) Influence of embedding media on DNA structure in herpes simplex virus type 1. Biol. Cell 54, 195–198.

17.	Perry, L. J. and McGeoch, D. J. (1988) The DNA sequences of the long repeat region and adjoining parts of the long unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 2831–2846.

18.	McGeoch, D. J., Dalrymple, M. A., Davison, A. J., Dolan, A., Frame, M. C., McNab, D., et al. (1988) The complete DNA sequence of the long unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1531–1574.

19.	McGeoch, D. J., Dolan, A., Donald, S., and Brauer, D. H. (1986) Complete DNA sequence of the short repeat region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 1727–1745.

20.	McGeoch, D. J., Dolan, A., Donald, S., and Rixon, F. J. (1985) Sequence determi-nation and genetic content of the short unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Mol. Biol. 181, 1–13.

21.	Krisky, D. M., Wolfe, D., Goins, W. F., Marconi, P. C., Ramakrishnan, R., Mata, M., et al. (1998) Deletion of multiple immediate-early genes from herpes simplex virus reduces cytotoxicity and permits long-term gene expression in neurons. Gene Ther. 5, 1593–1603.

22.	Krisky, D. M., Marconi, P. C., Oligino, T. J., Rouse, R. J., Fink, D. J., Cohen, J. B., et al. (1998) Development of herpes simplex virus replication-defective multigene vectors for combination gene therapy applications. Gene Ther. 5, 1517–1530.

23.	Martuza, R. L., Malick, A., Markert, J. M., Ruffner, K. L., and Coen, D. M. (1991) Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant. Science 252, 854–856.

24.	MacLean, A. R., ul Fareed, M., Robertson, L., Harland, J., and Brown, S. M. (1991) Herpes simplex virus type 1 deletion variants 1714 and 1716 pinpoint neurovirulence-related sequences in Glasgow strain 17+between immediate early gene 1 and the’ a’ sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 72, 631–639.

25.	Whitley, R. J., Kern, E. R., Chatterjee, S., Chou, J., and Roizman, B. (1993) Replication, establishment of latency, and induced reactivation of herpes simplex virus gamma 1 34.5 deletion mutants in rodent models. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 2837–2843.

26.	Mineta, T., Rabkin, S. D., Yazaki, T., Hunter, W. D., and Martuza, R. L. (1995) Attenuated multi-mutated herpes simplex virus-1 for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Nat. Med. 1, 938–943.

27.	Chambers, R., Gillespie, G. Y., Soroceanu, L., Andreansky, S., Chatterjee, S., Chou, J., et al. (1995) Comparison of genetically engineered herpes simplex viruses for the treatment of brain tumors in a scid mouse model of human malignant glioma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1411–1415.

28.	Honess, R. W. and Roizman, B. (1975) Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis: sequential transition of polypeptide synthesis requires functional viral polypeptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1276–1280.

29.	Honess, R. W. and Roizman, B. (1974) Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J. Virol. 14, 8–19.

30.	Holland, L. E., Anderson, K. P., Shipman, C., and Wagner, E. K. (1980) Viral DNA synthesis is required for the efficient expression of specific herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA species. Virology 101, 10–24.

31.	Mavromara Nazos, P. and Roizman, B. (1987) Activation of herpes simplex virus 1 gamma 2 genes by viral DNA replication. Virology 161, 593–598.

32.	DeLuca, N. A., McCarthy, A. M., and Schaffer, P. A. (1985) Isolation and characterization of deletion mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the gene encoding immediate-early regulatory protein ICP4. J. Virol. 56, 558–570.

33.	Sacks, W. R., Greene, C. C., Aschman, D. P., and Schaffer, P. A. (1985) Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 is an essential regulatory protein. J. Virol. 55, 796–805.

34.	McCarthy, A. M., McMahan, L., and Schaffer, P. A. (1989) Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 deletion mutants exhibit altered patterns of transcription and are DNA deficient. J. Virol. 63, 18–27.

35.	Cook, M. L. and Stevens, J. G. (1973) Pathogenesis of herpetic neuritis and ganglionitis in mice: evidence for intra-axonal transport of infection. Infect. Immun. 7, 272–288.

36.	Bearer, E. L., Breakefield, X. O., Schuback, D., Reese, T. S., and LaVail, J. H. (2000) Retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus: evidence for a single mechanism and a role for tegument. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8146–8150.

37.	Bak, I. J., Markham, C. H., Cook, M. L., and Stevens, J. G. (1977) Intraaxonal transport of Herpes simplex virus in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 136, 415–429.

38.	Mellerick, D. M. and Fraser, N. W. (1987) Physical state of the latent herpes simplex virus genome in a mouse model system: evidence suggesting an episomal state. Virology 158, 265–275.

39.	Deshmane, S. L. and Fraser, N. W. (1989) During latency, herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is associated with nucleosomes in a chromatin structure. J. Virol. 63, 943–947.

40.	Dressler, G. R., Rock, D. L., and Fraser, N. W. (1987) Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is not extensively methylated in vivo. J. Gen. Virol. 68, 1761–1765.

41.	Stevens, J. G., Wagner, E. K., Devi Rao, G. B., Cook, M. L., and Feldman, L. T. (1987) RNA complementary to a herpesvirus alpha gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons. Science 235, 1056–1059.

42.	Croen, K. D., Ostrove, J. M., Dragovic, L. J., Smialek, J. E., and Straus, S. E. (1987) Latent herpes simplex virus in human trigeminal ganglia. Detection of an immediate early gene “anti-sense” transcript by in situ hybridization. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 1427–1432.

43.	Spivack, J. G. and Fraser, N. W. (1987) Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 transcripts during latent infection in mice [published erratum appears in J. Virol. 1988 Feb;62(2):663]. J. Virol. 61, 3841–3847.

44.	Rock, D. L., Nesburn, A. B., Ghiasi, H., Ong, J., Lewis, T. L., Lokensgard, J. R., and Wechsler, S. L. (1987) Detection of latency-related viral RNAs in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 61, 3820–3826.

45.	Gordon, Y. J., Johnson, B., Romanowski, E., and Araullo Cruz, T. (1988) RNA complementary to herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 gene demonstrated in neurons of human trigeminal ganglia. J. Virol. 62, 1832–1835.

46.	Miranda Saksena, M., Armati, P., Boadle, R. A., Holland, D. J., and Cunningham, A. L. (2000) Anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus type 1 in cultured, dissociated human and rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Virol. 74, 1827–1839.

47.	Rivera, L., Beuerman, R. W., and Hill, J. M. (1988) Corneal nerves contain intra-axonal HSV-1 after virus reactivation by epinephrine iontophoresis. Curr. Eye Res. 7, 1001–1008.

48.	Farrell, M. J., Dobson, A. T., and Feldman, L. T. (1991) Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript is a stable intron. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 790–794.

49.	Krummenacher, C., Zabolotny, J. M., and Fraser, N. W. (1997) Selection of a nonconsensus branch point is influenced by an RNA stem-loop structure and is important to confer stability to the herpes simplex virus 2-kilobase latency-associated transcript. J. Virol. 71, 5849–5860.

50.	Wu, T. T., Su, Y. H., Block, T. M., and Taylor, J. M. (1996) Evidence that two latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 are nonlinear. J. Virol. 70, 5962–5967.

51.	Alvira, M. R., Goins, W. F., Cohen, J. B., and Glorioso, J. C. (1999) Genetic studies exposing the splicing events involved in herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript production during lytic and latent infection. J. Virol. 73, 3866–3876.

52.	Rodahl, E. and Haarr, L. (1997) Analysis of the 2-kilobase latency-associated transcript expressed in PC12 cells productively infected with herpes simplex virus type 1: evidence for a stable, nonlinear structure. J. Virol. 71, 1703–1707.

53.	Goldenberg, D., Mador, N., Ball, M. J., Panet, A., and Steiner, I. (1997) The abundant latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 are bound to polyribosomes in cultured neuronal cells and during latent infection in mouse trigeminal ganglia. J. Virol. 71, 2897–2904.

54.	Thompson, R. L. and Sawtell, N. M. (1997) The herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene regulates the establishment of latency. J. Virol. 71, 5432–5440.

55.	Perng, G. C., Slanina, S. M., Yukht, A., Ghiasi, H., Nesburn, A. B., and Wechsler, S. L. (2000) The latency-associated transcript gene enhances establishment of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in rabbits. J. Virol. 74, 1885–1891.

56.	Block, T. M., Deshmane, S., Masonis, J., Maggioncalda, J., Valyi Nagi, T., and Fraser, N. W. (1993) An HSV LAT null mutant reactivates slowly from latent infection and makes small plaques on CV-1 monolayers. Virology 192, 618–630.

57.	Drolet, B. S., Perng, G. C., Villosis, R. J., Slanina, S. M., Nesburn, A. B., and Wechsler, S. L. (1999) Expression of the first 811 nucleotides of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) partially restores wild-type spontaneous reactivation to a LAT-null mutant. Virology 253, 96–106.

58.	Loutsch, J. M., Perng, G. C., Hill, J. M., Zheng, X., Marquart, M. E., Block, T. M., et al. (1999) Identical 371-base-pair deletion mutations in the LAT genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 McKrae and 17syn+result in different in vivo reactivation phenotypes. J. Virol. 73, 767–771.

59.	Perng, G. C., Dunkel, E. C., Geary, P. A., Slanina, S. M., Ghiasi, H., Kaiwar, R., et al. (1994) The latency-associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is required for efficient in vivo spontaneous reactivation of HSV-1 from latency. J. Virol. 68, 8045–8055.

60.	Perng, G. C., Slanina, S. M., Ghiasi, H., Nesburn, A. B., and Wechsler, S. L. (1996) A 371-nucleotide region between the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) LAT promoter and the 2-kilobase LAT is not essential for efficient spontaneous reactivation of latent HSV-1. J. Virol. 70, 2014–2018.

61.	Perng, G. C., Ghiasi, H., Slanina, S. M., Nesburn, A. B., and Wechsler, S. L. (1996) The spontaneous reactivation function of the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT gene resides completely within the first 1.5 kilobases of the 8.3-kilobase primary transcript. J. Virol. 70, 976–984.

62.	Perng, G. C., Slanina, S. M., Yukht, A., Drolet, B. S., Keleher, W., Jr., Ghiasi, H., et al. (1999) A herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript mutant with increased virulence and reduced spontaneous reactivation. J. Virol. 73, 920–929.

63.	Mador, N., Goldenberg, D., Cohen, O., Panet, A., and Steiner, I. (1998) Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts suppress viral replication and reduce immediate-early gene mRNA levels in a neuronal cell line. J. Virol. 72, 5067–5075.

64.	Garber, D. A., Schaffer, P. A., and Knipe, D. M. (1997) A LAT-associated function reduces productive-cycle gene expression during acute infection of murine sensory neurons with herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Virol. 71, 5885–5893.

65.	Chen, S. H., Kramer, M. F., Schaffer, P. A., and Coen, D. M. (1997) A viral function represses accumulation of transcripts from productive-cycle genes in mouse ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 71, 5878–5884.

66.	Perng, G. C., Jones, C., Ciacci Zanella, J., Stone, M., Henderson, G., Yukht, A., et al. (2000) Virus-induced neuronal apoptosis blocked by the herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript. Science 287, 1500–1503.

67.	Thomas, S. K., Gough, G., Latchman, D. S., and Coffin, R. S. (1999) Herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript encodes a protein which greatly enhances virus growth, can compensate for deficiencies in immediate-early gene expression, and is likely to function during reactivation from virus latency. J. Virol. 73, 6618–6625.

68.	Hui, E. K. and Lo, S. J. (1998) Does the latency associated transcript (LAT) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) function as a ribozyme during viral reactivation? Virus Genes 16, 147–148.

69.	Javier, R. T., Stevens, J. G., Dissette, V. B., and Wagner, E. K. (1988) A herpes simplex virus transcript abundant in latently infected neurons is dispensable for establishment of the latent state. Virology 166, 254–257.

70.	Sedarati, F., Izumi, K. M., Wagner, E. K., and Stevens, J. G. (1989) Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcription plays no role in establishment or maintenance of a latent infection in murine sensory neurons. J. Virol. 63, 4455–4458.

71.	Steiner, I., Spivack, J. G., Lirette, R. P., Brown, S. M., MacLean, A. R., Subak Sharpe, J. H., and Fraser, N. W. (1989) Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts are evidently not essential for latent infection. Embo J. 8, 505–511.

72.	Ho, D. Y. and Mocarski, E. S. (1989) Herpes simplex virus latent RNA (LAT) is not required for latent infection in the mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7596–7600.

73.	Goins, W. F., Sternberg, L. R., Croen, K. D., Krause, P. R., Hendricks, R. L., Fink, D. J., et al. (1994) A novel latency-active promoter is contained within the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL flanking repeats. J. Virol. 68, 2239–2252.

74.	Soares, K., Hwang, D. Y., Ramakrishnan, R., Schmidt, M. C., Fink, D. J., and Glorioso, J. C. (1996) cis-acting elements involved in transcriptional regulation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated promoter 1 (LAP1) in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 70, 5384–5394.

75.	Dobson, A. T., Sederati, F., Devi Rao, G., Flanagan, W. M., Farrell, M. J., Stevens, J. G., et al. (1989) Identification of the latency-associated transcript promoter by expression of rabbit beta-globin mRNA in mouse sensory nerve ganglia latently infected with a recombinant herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 63, 3844–3851.

76.	Zwaagstra, J., Ghiasi, H., Nesburn, A. B., and Wechsler, S. L. (1989) In vitro promoter activity associated with the latency-associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 70, 2163–2169.

77.	Zwaagstra, J. C., Ghiasi, H., Nesburn, A. B., and Wechsler, S. L. (1991) Identification of a major regulatory sequence in the latency associated transcript (LAT) promoter of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Virology 182, 287–297.

78.	Leib, D. A., Nadeau, K. C., Rundle, S. A., and Schaffer, P. A. (1991) The promoter of the latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains a functional cAMP-response element: role of the latency-associated transcripts and cAMP in reactivation of viral latency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 48–52.

79.	Zwaagstra, J. C., Ghiasi, H., Slanina, S. M., Nesburn, A. B., Wheatley, S. C., Lillycrop, K., et al. (1990) Activity of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter in neuron-derived cells: evidence for neuron specificity and for a large LAT transcript. J. Virol. 64, 5019–5028.

80.	Chen, X., Schmidt, M. C., Goins, W. F., and Glorioso, J. C. (1995) Two herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-active promoters differ in their contributions to latency-associated transcript expression during lytic and latent infections. J. Virol. 69, 7899–7908.

81.	Nicosia, M., Deshmane, S. L., Zabolotny, J. M., Valyi Nagy, T., and Fraser, N. W. (1993) Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) promoter deletion mutants can express a 2-kilobase transcript mapping to the LAT region. J. Virol. 67, 7276–7283.

82.	French, S. W., Schmidt, M. C., and Glorioso, J. C. (1996) Involvement of a highmobility-group protein in the transcriptional activity of herpes simplex virus latency-active promoter 2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 5393–5399.

83.	Palmer, J. A., Branston, R. H., Lilley, C. E., Robinson, M. J., Groutsi, F., Smith, J., etal. (2000) Development and optimization of herpes simplex virus vectors for multiple long-term gene delivery to the peripheral nervous system. J. Virol. 74, 5604–5618.

84.	Lachmann, R. H. and Efstathiou, S. (1997) Utilization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated regulatory region to drive stable reporter gene expression in the nervous system. J. Virol. 71, 3197–3207.

85.	Wolfe, J. H., Deshmane, S. L., and Fraser, N. W. (1992) Herpesvirus vector gene transfer and expression of beta-glucuronidase in the central nervous system of MPS VII mice. Nat. Genet. 1, 379–384.

86.	Goins, W. F., Lee, K. A., Cavalcoli, J. D., O’Malley, M. E., DeKosky, S. T., Fink, D. J., and Glorioso, J. C. (1999) Herpes simplex virus type 1 vector-mediated expression of nerve growth factor protects dorsal root ganglion neurons from peroxide toxicity. J. Virol. 73, 519–532.

87.	Wolfe, D., Goins, W. F., Kaplan, T. J., Capuano, S. V., Fradette, J., Murphey-Corb, M., et al. (2001) Herpesvirus-mediated systemic delivery of nerve growth factor. Mol. Ther. 3, 61–69.

88.	Montgomery, R. I., Warner, M. S., Lum, B. J., and Spear, P. G. (1996) Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell 87, 427–436.

89.	Whitbeck, J. C., Connolly, S. A., Willis, S. H., Hou, W., Krummenacher, C., Ponce De Leon, M., et al. (2001) Localization of the gD-binding region of the human herpes simplex virus receptor, hveA. J. Virol. 75, 171–180.

90.	Geraghty, R. J., Krummenacher, C., Cohen, G. H., Eisenberg, R. J., and Spear, P. G. (1998) Entry of alphaherpesviruses mediated by poliovirus receptor-related protein 1 and poliovirus receptor. Science 280, 1618–1620.

91.	Krummenacher, C., Baribaud, I., Ponce De Leon, M., Whitbeck, J. C., Lou, H., Cohen, G. H., and Eisenberg, R. J. (2000) Localization of a binding site for herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D on herpesvirus entry mediator C by using antireceptor monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 74, 10,863–10,872.

92.	Krummenacher, C., Nicola, A. V., Whitbeck, J. C., Lou, H., Hou, W., Lambris, J. D., et al. (1998) Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D can bind to poliovirus receptor-related protein 1 or herpesvirus entry mediator, two structurally unrelated mediators of virus entry. J. Virol. 72, 7064–7074.

93.	Shukla, D., Dal Canto, M. C., Rowe, C. L., and Spear, P. G. (2000) Striking similarity of murine nectin-1 alpha to human nectin-1 alpha (HveC) in sequence and activity as a glycoprotein D receptor for alphaherpesvirus entry. J. Virol. 74, 11,773–11,781.

94.	Moriuchi, S., Krisky, D. M., Marconi, P. C., Tamura, M., Shimizu, K., Yoshimine, T., et al. (2000) HSV vector cytotoxicity is inversely correlated with effective TK/GCV suicide gene therapy of rat gliosarcoma. Gene Ther. 7, 1483–1490.

95.	Akkaraju, G. R., Huard, J., Hoffman, E. P., Goins, W. F., Pruchnic, R., Watkins, S. C., et al. (1999) Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated dystrophin gene transfer and expression in MDX mouse skeletal muscle. J. Gene Med. 1, 280–289.

96.	Wolfe, D., Goins, W. F., Yamada, M., Moriuchi, S., Krisky, D. M., Oligino, T. J., et al. (1999) Engineering herpes simplex virus vectors for CNS applications. Exp. Neurol. 159, 34–46.

97.	Marshall, K. R., Lachmann, R. H., Efstathiou, S., Rinaldi, A., and Preston, C. M. (2000) Long-term transgene expression in mice infected with a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant severely impaired for immediate-early gene expression. J. Virol. 74, 956–964.

98.	Smith, C., Lachmann, R. H., and Efstathiou, S. (2000) Expression from the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated promoter in the murine central nervous system. J. Gen. Virol. 3, 649–662.

99.	Boviatsis, E. J., Scharf, J. M., Chase, M., Harrington, K., Kowall, N. W., Breakefield, X. O., and Chiocca, E. A. (1994) Antitumor activity and reporter gene transfer into rat brain neoplasms inoculated with herpes simplex virus vectors defective in thymidine kinase or ribonucleotide reductase. Gene Ther. 1, 323–331.

100.	Markert, J.M., Malick, A., Coen, D. M., and Martuza, R. L. (1993) Reduction and elimination of encephalitis in an experimental glioma therapy model with attenuated herpes simplex mutants that retain susceptibility to acyclovir. Neurosurgery 32, 597–603.

101.	Andreansky, S., Soroceanu, L., Flotte, E. R., Chou, J., Markert, J. M., Gillespie, G. Y., et al. (1997) Evaluation of genetically engineered herpes simplex viruses as oncolytic agents for human malignant brain tumors. Cancer Res. 57, 1502–1509.

102.	Rampling, R., Cruickshank, G., Papanastassiou, V., Nicoll, J., Hadley, D., Bren-nan, D., et al. (2000) Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP 34.5 null mutant 1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma [see comments]. Gene Ther. 7, 859–866.

103.	Markert, J. M., Medlock, M. D., Rabkin, S. D., Gillespie, G. Y., Todo, T., Hunter, W. D., et al. (2000) Conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus mutant, G207 for the treatment of malignant glioma: results of a phase I trial [see comments]. Gene Ther. 7, 867–874.

104.	Wu, N., Watkins, S. C., Schaffer, P. A., and DeLuca, N. A. (1996) Prolonged gene expression and cell survival after infection by a herpes simplex virus mutant defective in the immediate-early genes encoding ICP4, ICP27, and ICP22. J. Virol. 70, 6358–6569.

105.	Samaniego, L. A., Webb, A. L., and DeLuca, N. A. (1995) Functional interactions between herpes simplex virus immediate-early proteins during infection: gene expression as a consequence of ICP27 and different domains of ICP4. J. Virol. 69, 5705–5715.

106.	Samaniego, L. A., Wu, N., and DeLuca, N. A. (1997) The herpes simplex virus immediate-early protein ICP0 affects transcription from the viral genome and infected-cell survival in the absence of ICP4 and ICP27. J. Virol. 71, 4614–4625.

107.	Samaniego, L. A., Neiderhiser, L., and DeLuca, N. A. (1998) Persistence and expression of the herpes simplex virus genome in the absence of immediate-early proteins. J. Virol. 72, 3307–3320.

108.	Marconi, P., Krisky, D., Oligino, T., Poliani, P. L., Ramakrishnan, R., Goins, W. F., et al. (1996) Replication-defective herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11,319–11,320.

109.	Ramakrishnan, R., Levine, M., and Fink, D. J. (1994) PCR-based analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in the rat trigeminal ganglion established with a ribonucleotide reductase-deficient mutant. J. Virol. 68, 7083–7091.

110.	Ramakrishnan, R., Fink, D. J., Jiang, G., Desai, P., Glorioso, J. C., and Levine, M. (1994) Competitive quantitative PCR analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA and latency-associated transcript RNA in latently infected cells of the rat brain. J. Virol. 68, 1864–1873.

111.	Ramakrishnan, R., Poliani, P. L., Levine, M., Glorioso, J. C., and Fink, D. J. (1996) Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript expression in trigeminal ganglia by in situ reverse transcriptase PCR. J. Virol. 70, 6519–6523.

112.	Spaete, R. R. and Frenkel, N. (1982) The herpes simplex virus amplicon: a new eucaryotic defective-virus cloning-amplifying vector. Cell 30, 295–304.

113.	Freese, A. and Geller, A. (1991) Infection of cultured striatal neurons with a defective HSV-1 vector: implications for gene therapy. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 7219–7223.

114.	Geller, A. I. and Breakefield, X. O. (1988) A defective HSV-1 vector expresses Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in cultured peripheral neurons. Science 241, 1667–1669.

115.	Fraefel, C., Song, S., Lim, F., Lang, P., Yu, L., Wang, Y., et al. (1996) Helper virus-free transfer of herpes simplex virus type 1 plasmid vectors into neural cells. J. Virol. 70, 7190–7197.

116.	Suter, M., Lew, A. M., Grob, P., Adema, G. J., Ackermann, M., Shortman, K., and Fraefel, C. (1999) BAC-VAC, a novel generation of (DNA) vaccines: A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing a replication-competent, packaging-defective virus genome induces protective immunity against herpes simplex virus 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12,697–12,702.

117.	Stavropoulos, T. A. and Strathdee, C. A. (1998) An enhanced packaging system for helper-dependent herpes simplex virus vectors. J. Virol. 72, 7137–7143.

118.	Horsburgh, B. C., Hubinette, M. M., Qiang, D., MacDonald, M. L., and Tufaro, E (1999) Allele replacement: an application that permits rapid manipulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 genomes. Gene Ther. 6, 922–930.

119.	Johnson, P. A., Wang, M. J., and Friedmann, T. (1994) Improved cell survival by the reduction of immediate-early gene expression in replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 but not by mutation of the virion host shutoff function. J. Virol. 68, 6347–6362.

120.	Johnson, P. A., Yoshida, K., Gage, E H., and Friedmann, T. (1992) Effects of gene transfer into cultured CNS neurons with a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1 vector. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 12, 95–102.

121.	Chen, J. and Silverstein, S. (1992) Herpes simplex viruses with mutations in the gene encoding ICP0 are defective in gene expression. J. Virol. 66, 2916–2927.

122.	Cai, W. and Schaffer, P. A. (1992) Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 regulates expression of immediate-early, early, and late genes in productively infected cells. J. Virol. 66, 2904–2915.

123.	Sacks, W. R. and Schaffer, P. A. (1987) Deletion mutants in the gene encoding the herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein ICP0 exhibit impaired growth in cell culture. J. Virol. 61, 829–839.

124.	Stow, N. D. and Stow, E. C. (1986) Isolation and characterization of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant containing a deletion within the gene encoding the immediate early polypeptide Vmw 110. J. Gen. Virol. 67, 2571–2585.

125.	Jordan, R. and Schaffer, P. A. (1997) Activation of gene expression by herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 occurs at the level of mRNA synthesis. J. Virol. 71, 6850–6862.

126.	Chen, X., Li, J., Mata, M., Goss, J., Wolfe, D., Glorioso, J. C., and Fink, D. J. (2000) Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 protein does not accumulate in the nucleus of primary neurons in culture. J. Virol. 74, 10,132–10,141.

127.	Fruh, K., Ahn, K., Djaballah, H., Sempe, P., van Endert, P. M., Tampe, R., et al. (1995) A viral inhibitor of peptide transporters for antigen presentation. Nature 375, 415–418.

128.	Hill, A., Jugovic, P., York, I., Russ, G., Bennink, J., Yewdell, J., et al. (1995) Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity. Nature 375, 411–415.

129.	York, I. A., Roop, C., Andrews, D. W., Riddell, S. R., Graham, F. L., and Johnson, D. C. (1994) A cytosolic herpes simplex virus protein inhibits antigen presentation to CD8+T lymphocytes. Cell 77, 525–535.

130.	Krisky, D. M., Marconi, P. C., Oligino, T., Rouse, R. J., Fink, D. J., and Glorioso, J. C. (1997) Rapid method for construction of recombinant HSV gene transfer vectors. Gene Ther. 4, 1120–1125.

131.	Brown, T. (1999) Analysis of DNA Sequences by Blotting and Hybridization, in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 2nd edition, vol. 1. (Ausubel, F. M., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D. D., Seidman, J. G., Smith, J. A., and Struhl, K. eds.), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.

132.	Wilson, S. P., Yeomans, D. C., Bender, M. A., Lu, Y., Goins, W. F., and Glorioso, J. C. (1999) Antihyperalgesic effects of infection with a preproenkephalin-encoding herpes virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3211–3216.

133.	Yamada, M., Oligino, T., Mata, M., Goss, J. R., Glorioso, J. C., and Fink, D. J. (1999) Herpes simplex virus vector-mediated expression of Bcl-2 prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4078–4083.

134.	Evans, C., Goins, W. F., Schmidt, M. C., Robbins, P. D., Ghivizzani, S. C., Oligino, T., et al. (1997) Progress in development of herpes simplex virus gene vectors for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 27, 41–57.

135.	Oligino, T., Ghivizzani, S., Wolfe, D., Lechman, E., Krisky, D., Mi, Z., et al. (1999) Intra-articular delivery of a herpes simplex virus IL-1Ra gene vector reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of arthritis. Gene Ther. 6, 1713–1720.

136.	Marconi, P., Tamura, M., Moriuchi, S., Krisky, D. M., Niranjan, A., Goins, W. F., et al. (2000) Connexin 43-enhanced suicide gene therapy using herpesviral vectors. Mol. Ther. 1, 71–81.

137.	Moriuchi, S., Oligino, T., Krisky, D., Marconi, P., Fink, D., Cohen, J., and Glorioso, J. C. (1998) Enhanced tumor cell killing in the presence of ganciclovir by herpes simplex virus type 1 vector-directed coexpression of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Cancer Res. 58, 5731–5737.

138.	Niranjan, A., Moriuchi, S., Lunsford, L. D., Kondziolka, D., Flickinger, J. C., Fellows, W., et al. (2000) Effective treatment of experimental glioblastoma by HSV vector-mediated TNFalpha and HSV-tk gene transfer in combination with radiosurgery and ganciclovir administration. Mol. Ther. 2, 114–120.

139.	Gomez Navarro, J., Contreras, J. L., Arafat, W., Jiang, X. L., Krisky, D., Oligino, T., et al. (2000) Genetically modified CD34+cells as cellular vehicles for gene delivery into areas of angiogenesis in a rhesus model. Gene Ther. 7, 43–52.

140.	Laquerre, S., Anderson, D. B., Stolz, D. B., and Glorioso, J. C. (1998) Recombi-nant herpes simplex virus type 1 engineered for targeted binding to erythropoietin receptor-bearing cells. J. Virol. 72, 9683–9697.

Comments (Loading...)

Post comment/View all comments