SpringerProtocols: Abstract: Fluorescent Measurement of [Ca2+]c: Basic Practical Considerations

Fluorescent Measurement of [Ca2+]c: Basic Practical Considerations

By: Alec W. M. Simpson²

Abstract

Full Text

Download PDF (272K)

It is extremely difficult to write a prescriptive account of how to measure cytosolic-free Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_c) that will suit all potential investigators, given the wide diversity of fluorescent Ca²⁺ indicators that are now available, the variety of cells to be investigated, and an increasing range of detection equipment that can be used. Therefore, this chapter is designed to provide the user with sufficient background in the technology so that he or she can move toward developing a protocol that will suit the cells, the experimental objectives, and the equipment available to the investigator.

Affiliation(s): (2) Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Book Title: Calcium Signaling Protocols

Series: Methods in Molecular Biology | Volume: 114 | Pub. Date: Jan-15-1999 | Page Range: 3-30 | DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-250-3:3

Subject: Biochemistry

References

Download References

1.	Ashley, C. C. and Campbell, A. K. (eds.) (1979) Detection and Measurement of Free Calcium in Living Cells,” Elsevier, Amsterdam.

2.	Woods, N. M., Cutherbertson, K. S. R., and Cobbold, P. H. (1986) Repetitive transient rises in cytoplasmic free calcium in hormone-stimulated hepatocytes. Nature 319, 600–602.

3.	Cobbold, P. H. and Bourne, P. K. (1984) Aequorin measurements of free calcium in single heart cells. Nature 312, 444–446.

4.	Tsien, R. Y. (1981) A non-disruptive technique for loading calcium buffers and indicators into cells. Nature 290, 527–528.

5.	Tsien, R. Y., Pozzan, T., and Rink, T. J. (1982) Calcium homeostasis in intact lymphocytes: Cytoplasmic free calcium monitored with a new intracellularly trapped fluorescent indicator. J. Cell Biol. 94, 325–334.

6.	Grynkiewicz, G., Poenie, M., and Tsien, R. Y. (1985) A new generation of Ca²⁺ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3440–3450.

7.	Tsien, R. Y. (1980) New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: Design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures. Biochemistry 19, 2396–2404.

8.	Nuccitelli, R. and Deamer, D. W. (1982) Intracellular pH: Its Measurement, Regulation and Utilization in Cellular Functions, Alan R Liss, New York.

9.	Haughland, R. P. (1996) Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and Research Chemicals (6th ed.), Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR.

10.	Minta, A., Kao, J. P. Y., and Tsien, R. Y. (1989) Fluorescent indicators for cytosolic calcium based on rhodamine and fluorescein chromophores. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8171–8178

11.	Hallam, T. J., Sanchez, A., and Rink, T. J. (1984) Stimulus-response coupling in human platelets. Biochem. J. 218, 819–827.

12.	Simpson, A. W. M., Hallam, T. J., and Rink, T. J. (1986) Low concentrations of the stable prostaglandin endoperoxide U44069 stimulate platelet shape change in quin2-loaded platelets without a measurable increase in [Ca²⁺]_i. FEBS Lett. 210, 301–305.

13.	Eberhard, M. and Erne, P. (1991) Calcium binding to fluorescent calcium indicators: Calcium green, calcium orange and calcium crimson. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 180, 209–215.

14.	Hajnoczky, G., Robb-Gaspers, L. D., Seitz, M. B., and Thomas, A. P. (1995) Decoding of cytosolic calcium oscillations in the mitochondria. Cell 82, 415–424.

15.	Lipp, P. and Niggli, E. (1993) Ratiometric confocal Ca²⁺ measurements with visible wavelength indicators in isolated cardiac myocytes. Cell Calcium 14, 359–372.

16.	Lipp, P. and Niggli, E. (1993) Microscopic spiral waves reveal positive feedback in subcellular calcium signalling. Biophys. J. 65, 772–780.

17.	Simpson, A. W. M. and Rink, T. J. (1987) Elevation of pH_i is not an essential step in calcium mobilisation in fura-2-loaded human platelets. FEBS Lett. 222, 144–148.

18.	Morris, S. J., Weigmann, T. B., Welling, L. W., et al. (1994) Rapid simultaneous estimation of intracellular calcium and pH. Methods Cell Biol. 40, 183–220.

19.	Martinez-Zaguilan, R., Parnami, G., and Lynch, R. M. (1996) Selection of fluorescent ion indicators for simultaneous measurements of pH and Ca²⁺. Cell Calcium. 19, 337–349.

20.	Belan, P. V., Garasimenko, O. V., Berry, D., Saftenku, E., Petersen, O. H., and Tepekin, A. V. (1996) A new technique for assessing the microscopic distribution of cellular calcium exit sites. Pflügers Arch. 433, 200–208.

21.	Kao, J. P. Y., Harootunian, A. T., and Tsien, R. Y. (1989) Photochemically generated cytosolic calcium pulses and their detection by Fluo-3. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8179–8184.

22.	Ryan, T. A., Milard, P. J., and Webb, W. W. (1990) Imaging [Ca²⁺]_i dynamics during signal transduction. Cell Calcium 11, 145–155.

23.	Roe, M. W., Lemasters, J. J., and Herman, B. (1990) Assessment of fura-2 for measurements of cytosolic free calcium. Cell Calcium 11, 63–73.

24.	Malgoroli, A., Milani, D., Meldolesi, J., and Pozzan, T. (1987) Fura-2 measurements of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ in monolayers and suspensions of various types of animal cells. J. Cell Biol. 105, 2719–2727.

25.	Merritt, J. E., Jacob, R., and Hallam, T. J. (1988) Use of manganese to discriminate between calcium influx and mobilization from internal stores in stimulated human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1522–1527.

26.	Rink, T. J. and Cobbold, P. H. (1987) Fluorescence and bioluminescence measurement of cytoplasmic free calcium. Biochem. J. 248, 313–328.

27.	Almers, W. and Neher, E. (1985) The Ca²⁺ signal from fura-2-loaded mast cells depends strongly upon the method of loading. FEBS Lett. 192, 13–18.

28.	Steinberg, S. F., Belizikian, J. P., and Al-Awqati, Q. (1987) Fura-2 fluorescence is localised to mitochondria in endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 253, C744–C754.

29.	Golovina, V. A. and Blaustein, M. P. (1997) Spatially and functionally distinct Ca²⁺ stores in sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum. Science 275, 1643–1648.

30.	Homolya, L., Hollo, Z., Germann, U. A., Pastan, I., Gottesmann, M. M., and Sarkadi, B. (1993) Fluorescent cellular indicators are extruded by the multidrug resistance protein. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21,493–21,496.

31.	Neher, E. (1989) Combined fura-2 and patch clamp measurements in rat peritoneal mast cells, in Neuromuscular Junction (Sellin, L. C., Libelius, R., and Thesleff, S., eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 65–76.

32.	Steinberg, T.H., Newman, A. S., Swanson, J. A., and Silverstein, S. C. (1987) ATP⁴⁻ permeabilizes the plasma membrane of mouse macrophages to fluorescent dyes. J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8884–8888.

33.	Di Virgilio, F., Fasolato, C., and Steinberg, T.H. (1988) Inhibitors of membrane transport system for organic anions block fura-2 excretion from PC12 and N2A cells. Biochem. J. 256, 959–963.

34.	Kao, J. P. Y. (1994) Practical aspects of measuring [Ca²⁺] with fluorescent indicators. Methods Cell Biol. 40, 155–181.

35.	Di Virgilio, F., Steinberg T. H., and Silverstein, S. C. (1990) Inhibition of fura-2 sequestration and secretion with organic anion transport blockers. Cell Calcium 11, 57–62.

36.	Di Virgilio, F., Steinberg, T.H., Swanson, J. A., and Silverstein, S. C. (1988) Fura-2 secretion and sequestration in macrophages. J. Immunol. 140, 915–920.

37.	Teflabs Catalogue (1998). Texas Fluorescence Labs Inc., 9503 Capitol View Drive, Austin, TX 78747.

38.	Miyata, H., Silvermann, H. S., Sollott, S. J., Lakatta, E. G., Stern, M. D., and Hansford, R. G. (1991). Measurement of mitochondrial free Ca²⁺ concentration in living single rat cardiac myocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 261, H1123–H1134.

39.	Donnadieu, E. and Bourguinon, L. Y. W. (1996) Ca²⁺ signalling in endothelial cells stimulated by bradykinin: Ca²⁺ measurement in the mitochondria and the cytosol by confocal microscopy. Cell Calcium 20, 53–61.

40.	Kendall, J. M., Dormer, R. L., and Campbell, A. K. (1992) Targeting aequorin to the endoplasmic reticulum of living cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 1008–1016.

41.	Montero, M., Brini, M., Marsault, R., Alverez, J., Sitia, R., Pozzan, T., and Rizzuto, R. (1995) Monitoring dynamic changes in free Ca²⁺ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of intact cells. EMBO J. 14, 5467–5475.

42.	Miyawaki, A., Llopis, J., Heim, R., McCaffrey, J. M., Adams, J. A., Ikura, M., and Tsien, R. Y. (1997) Fluorescent indicators for Ca²⁺ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. Nature 388, 882–887.

43.	Hofer, A. M. and Machen, T. E. (1993) Technique for in situ measurement of calcium in intracellular inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores using the fluorescent indicator mag-fura-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2598–2602.

44.	Raju, B., Murphy, E., Levy, L. A., Hall, R. D., and London, R. E. (1989) A fluorescent indicator for measuring cytosolic free magnesium. Am. J. Physiol. 256, C540–C548.

45.	Konishi, M., Hollingworth, S., Harkins, A. B., and Baylor, S. M. (1991) Myoplasmic Ca²⁺ transients in intact frog skeletal muscle fibres monitored with the fluorescent indicator furaptra. J. Gen. Physiol. 97, 271–302.

46.	Ogden, D., Khodakhah, K., Carter, T., Thomas, M., and Capoid, T. (1995) Analogue computation of transient changes of intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration with the low affinity Ca²⁺ indicator furaptra during whole-cell patch clamp recording. Pflügers Arch. 429, 587–591.

47.	van de Put, F. M. M. and Elliott, A. C. (1996) Imaging of intracellular calcium stores in individual permeabilized pancreatic acinar cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4999–5006.

48.	Gerasimenko, O. V., Gerasimenko, J. V., Tepekin, A. V., and Petersen, O. H. (1995). ATP-dependent accumulation and inositol trisphosphate-or cyclic ADP-ribose mediated release of Ca²⁺ from the nuclear envelope. Cell 80, 439–444.

49.	Minamikawa, T., Takahashi, A., and Fujita, S. (1995) Differences in features of calcium transients between the nucleus and the cytosol in cultured heart muscle cells: Analyzed by confocal microscopy. Cell Calcium 17, 165–176.

50.	Cheng, H., Lederer, W. J., and Cannell, M. B. (1993) Calcium sparks—elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling in heart muscle. Science 262, 740–744

51.	Rizzuto, R., Brini, M., Murgia, M., and Pozzan, T. (1993) Microdomains with high Ca²⁺ close to IP₃-sensitive channels that are sensed by neighbouring mitochondria. Science 262, 744–747.

52.	Berridge, M. J. (1997) The AM and FM of calcium signalling. Nature 386, 759–760.

53.	Etter, E. F., Kuhn, M. A., and Fay, F. S. (1994) Detection of changes in near-membrane Ca²⁺ concentration using a novel membrane-associated Ca²⁺ indicator. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10141–10149.

54.	Etter, E., Minta, A., Poenie, M., and Fay, F. S. (1996) Near membrane Ca²⁺ transients resolved using the Ca²⁺ indicator FFP18. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5368–5373.

55.	Lloyd, Q. P., Kuhn, M. A., and Gay, C. V. (1995) Characterization of calcium translocation across the plasma-membrane of primary osteoblasts using a lipophilic calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye, calcium green-C-18 J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22445–22451.

56.	Horne, J. H. and Meyer, T. (1997) Elementary calcium release units induced by inositol trisphosphate. Science 276, 1690–1692.

57.	Clapham, D. E. (1995) Calcium signalling. Cell 80, 259–268.

58.	Neher, E. and Augustine, G. J. (1992) Calcium gradients and buffers in bovine chromaffin cells. J. Physiol. 450, 273–301.

59.	Williams, D. A. and Fay, F. S. (1990) Intracellular calibration of the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2. Cell Calcium 11, 75–83.

60.	Poenie, M. (1990) Alteration of intracellular fura-2 fluorescence by viscosity: A simple correction. Cell Calcium 11, 85–91.

61.	Merrit, J. E., McCarthy, S. A., Davies, M. P. A., and Moores, K. E. (1990) Use of fluo-3 to measure Ca²⁺ in platelets and neutrophils. Biochem. J. 269, 513–519.

62.	Tsien, R. Y. and Harootunian, A. T. (1990) Practical design criteria for a dynamic ratio imaging system. Cell Calcium 11, 93–109.

63.	Moore, E. D. W., Becker, P. L., Fogarty, K. E., Williams, D. A., and Fay, F. S. (1990) Ca²⁺ imaging in single living cells: Theoretical and practical issues. Cell Calcium 11, 157–179.

64.	Schild, D. (1996) Laser scanning microscopy and calcium imaging. Cell Calcium 19, 281–296.

65.	Berridge M. J. (1997) Elementary and global aspects of calcium signalling. J. Physiol. 499, 291–306.

66.	Agard, A. D. (1984) Optical sectioning microscopy: Cellular architecture in three dimensions. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 13, 191–219.

67.	Monck, J. R., Oberhauser, A. F., Keating, T. J., and Fernandez, J. M. (1992) Thin-section ratiometric Ca²⁺ images obtained by optical sectioning of fura-2-loaded mast cells. J. Cell Biol. 116, 745–759.

68.	Juskaitis, R., Wilson T., Neil, M. A. A., and Kozubek, M. (1996) Efficient realtime confocal microscopy with white-light sources. Nature 383, 804–806.

69.	Zhang, Z. X., Sonek, G. J., Wei, X. B., Berns, M. W., and Tromberg, B. J. (1997) Continuous wave diode laser induced two-photon fluorescence excitation of three calcium indicators. Jpn. J. Applied Phys. 36, L1598–L1600.

70.	Konig, K., Simon, U., and Halbhuber, K. J. (1996) 3D resolved two photon fluorescence microscopy of living cells using a modified confocal laser scanning microscope. Cell. Mol. Biol. 42, 1181–1194.

71.	Toescu, E. C. and Petersen, O. H. (1994) The thapsigargin-evoked increase in [Ca²⁺]_i involves an InsP₃-dependent Ca²⁺ release process in pancreatic acinar cells. Pflügers Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol. 427, 325–331.

72.	Wilcox, R. A., Strupish, J., and Nahorski, S. R. (1995) Measurement of Ca²⁺ fluxes in permeabilised cells using ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ and fluo-3. Methods Mol. Biol. 41, 215–227.

73.	Sage, S. O., Reast, R., and Rink, T. J. (1990) ADP evokes biphasic Ca²⁺ influx in fura-2-loaded human platelets. Biochem. J. 265, 675–680.

74.	Hatae, J., Fujishiro, N., and Kawata, H. (1996) Spectroscopic properties of fluorescence dye fura-2 with various divalent cations. Jpn. J. Physiol. 46, 423–429.

75.	Byron, K. L. and Taylor, C. W. (1995) Vasopressin stimulation of Ca²⁺ mobilization, two bivalent cation entry pathways and Ca²⁺ efflux in A7r5 rat smooth muscle cells. J. Physiol. 485, 455–468.

76.	Tepikin, A. V., Voronina, S. G., Gallagher, D. V., and Petersen, O. H. (1992) Acetylcholine-evoked increase in the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentration and Ca²⁺ extrusion measured simultaneously in single mouse pancreatic acinar cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14,073–14,076.

77.	Escobar, A. L., Velez, P., Kim, A. M., Cifuentes, F., Fil, M., and Vergara, J. L. (1997) Kinetic properties of DM-nitrophen and calcium indicators: Rapid transient response to flash photolysis. Pflügers. Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol. 434, 615–631.

Comments (Loading...)

Post comment/View all comments