| 1. |
Ward, E. S., Gussow, D., Griffiths, A. D., Jones, P. T., and Winter, G. (1989) Binding activities of a repertoire of single
immunoglobulin variable domains secreted from Escherichia coli. Nature
341, 544–546.
|
| |
| 2. |
Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M., Desmyter, A., Wyns, L., Hamers, R., and Muyldermans, S. (1997) Selection and identification of single
domain antibody fragments from camel heavy-chain antibodies. FEBS Lett.
414, 521–526.
|
| |
| 3. |
Hamers-Casterman C., Atarhouch, T., Muyldermans, S., Robinson, G., Hamers, C., Songa, E. B., Bendahman, N., and Hamers, R.
(1993) Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature
363, 446–448.
|
| |
| 4. |
Dooley, H. and Flajnik, M. F. (2006) Antibody repertoire development in cartilaginous fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol.
30, 43–56.
|
| |
| 5. |
Greenberg, A. S., Avila, D., Hughes, M., Hughes, A., McKinney, E. C., and Flajnik, M. F. (1995) A new antigen receptor gene
family that undergoes rearrangement and extensive somatic diversification in sharks. Nature
374, 168–173.
|
| |
| 6. |
Roux, K. H., Greenberg, A. S., Greene, L., Strelets, L., Avila, D., McKinney, E. C., and Flajnik, M. F. (1998) Structural
analysis of the nurse shark (new) antigen receptor (NAR): molecular convergence of NAR and unusual mammalian immunoglobulins.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95, 11804–11809.
|
| |
| 7. |
Dooley, H., Flajnik, M. F., and Porter, A. J. (2003) Selection and characterization of naturally occurring single-domain (IgNAR)
antibody fragments from immunized sharks by phage display. Mol. Immunol.
40, 25–33.
|
| |
| 8. |
Liu, J. L., Anderson, G. P., Delehanty, J. B., Baumann, R., Hayhurst, A., and Goldman, E. R. (2007) Selection of cholera toxin
specific IgNAR single-domain antibodies from a naive shark library. Mol. Immunol.
44, 1775–1783.
|
| |
| 9. |
Nuttall, S. D., Krishnan, U. V., Hattarki, M., De Gori, R., Irving, R. A., and Hudson, P. J. (2001) Isolation of the new antigen
receptor from Wobbegong sharks, and use as a scaffold for the display of protein loop libraries. Mol. Immunol.
38, 313–326.
|
| |
| 10. |
Nuttall, S. D., Krishnan, U. V., Doughty, L., Nathanielsz, A., Ally, N., Pike, R. N., Hudson, P. J., Kortt, A. A., and Irving,
R. A. (2002) A naturally occurring NAR variable domain binds the Kgp protease from Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEBS Lett.
516, 80–86.
|
| |
| 11. |
Revets, H., De Baetselier, P., and Muyldermans, S. (2005) Nanobodies as novel agents for cancer therapy. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.
5, 111–124.
|
| |
| 12. |
Davies, J. and Riechmann, L. (1994) ‘Camelising’ human antibody fragments: NMR studies on VH domains. FEBS Lett.
339, 285–290.
|
| |
| 13. |
Davies, J. and Riechmann, L. (1995) Antibody VH domains as small recognition units. Biotechnology NY
13, 475–479.
|
| |
| 14. |
Tanha, J., Xu, P., Chen, Z. G., Ni, F., Kaplan, H., Narang, S. A., and MacKenzie, C. R. (2001) Optimal design features of
camelized human single-domain antibody libraries. J. Biol. Chem.
276, 24774–24780.
|
| |
| 15. |
Reiter, Y., Schuck, P., Boyd, L. F., and Plaksin, D. (1999) An antibody single-domain phage display library of a native heavy
chain variable region: isolation of functional single-domain VH molecules with a unique interface. J. Mol. Biol.
290, 685–698.
|
| |
| 16. |
Tanha, J., Dubuc, G., Hirama, T., Narang, S. A., and MacKenzie, C. R. (2002) Selection by phage display of llama conventional
VH fragments with heavy chain antibody VHH properties. J. Immunol. Methods
263, 97–109.
|
| |
| 17. |
Vranken, W., Tolkatchev, D., Xu, P., Tanha, J., Chen, Z., Narang, S., and Ni, F. (2002) Solution structure of a llama single-domain
antibody with hydrophobic residues typical of the VH/VL interface. Biochemistry
41, 8570–8579.
|
| |
| 18. |
Christ, D., Famm, K., and Winter, G. (2007) Repertoires of aggregation-resistant human antibody domains. Protein Eng. Des. Sel.
20, 413–416.
|
| |
| 19. |
De Bernardis, F., Liu, H., O'Mahony, R., La Valle, R., Bartollino, S., Sandini, S., Grant, S., Brewis, N., Tomlinson, I.,
Basset, R. C., Holton, J., Roitt, I. M., and Cassone, A. (2007) Human domain antibodies against virulence traits of Candida albicans inhibit fungus adherence to vaginal epithelium and protect against experimental vaginal candidiasis. J. Infect. Dis.
195, 149–157.
|
| |
| 20. |
Jespers, L., Schon, O., James, L. C., Veprintsev, D., and Winter, G. (2004) Crystal structure of HEL4, a soluble, refoldable
human VH single domain with a germ-line scaffold. J. Mol. Biol.
337, 893–903.
|
| |
| 21. |
Jespers, L., Schon, O., Famm, K., and Winter, G. (2004) Aggregation-resistant domain antibodies selected on phage by heat
denaturation. Nat. Biotechnol.
22, 1161–1165.
|
| |
| 22. |
To, R., Hirama, T., Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M., MacKenzie, R., Wang, P., Xu, P., Ni, F., and Tanha, J. (2005) Isolation of monomeric
human VHs by a phage selection. J. Biol. Chem.
280, 41395–41403.
|
| |
| 23. |
Colby, D. W., Garg, P., Holden, T., Chao, G., Webster, J. M., Messer, A., Ingram, V. M., and Wittrup, K. D. (2004) Development
of a human light chain variable domain (VL) intracellular antibody specific for the amino terminus of huntingtin via yeast surface display. J. Mol. Biol.
342, 901–912.
|
| |
| 24. |
Colby, D. W., Chu, Y., Cassady, J. P., Duennwald, M., Zazulak, H., Webster, J. M., Messer, A., Lindquist, S., Ingram, V. M.,
and Wittrup, K. D. (2004) Potent inhibition of huntingtin aggregation and cytotoxicity by a disulfide bond-free single-domain
intracellular antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101, 17616–17621.
|
| |
| 25. |
Holt, L. J., Herring, C., Jespers, L. S., Woolven, B. P., and Tomlinson, I. M. (2003) Domain antibodies: proteins for therapy.
Trends Biotechnol.
21, 484–490.
|
| |
| 26. |
Paz, K., Brennan, L. A., Iacolina, M., Doody, J., Hadari, Y. R., and Zhu, Z. (2005) Human single-domain neutralizing intrabodies
directed against Etk kinase: a novel approach to impair cellular transformation. Mol. Cancer Ther.
4, 1801–1809.
|
| |
| 27. |
Kopsidas, G., Roberts, A. S., Coia, G., Streltsov, V. A., and Nuttall, S. D. (2006) In vitro improvement of a shark IgNAR antibody by Qβ replicase mutation and ribosome display mimics in vivo affinity maturation. Immunol. Lett.
107, 163–168.
|
| |
| 28. |
Kopsidas, G., Carman, R. K., Stutt, E. L., Raicevic, A., Roberts, A. S., Siomos, M. A., Dobric, N., Pontes-Braz, L., and Coia,
G. (2007) RNA mutagenesis yields highly diverse mRNA libraries for in vitro protein evolution. BMC. Biotechnol.
7, 18.
|
| |
| 29. |
Nguyen, V. K., Desmyter, A., and Muyldermans, S. (2001) Functional heavy-chain antibodies in Camelidae. Adv. Immunol.
79, 261–296.
|
| |
| 30. |
Tanaka, T., Lobato, M. N., and Rabbitts, T. H. (2003) Single domain intracellular antibodies: a minimal fragment for direct
in vivo selection of antigen-specific intrabodies. J. Mol. Biol.
331, 1109–1120.
|
| |
| 31. |
Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M., Tanha, J., and MacKenzie, R. (2005) Prokaryotic expression of antibodies. Cancer Metastasis Rev.
24, 501–519.
|
| |
| 32. |
Constantine, K. L., Goldfarb, V., Wittekind, M., Anthony, J., Ng, S. C., and Mueller, L. (1992) Sequential 1H and 15N NMR assignments and secondary structure of a recombinant anti-digoxin antibody VL domain. Biochemistry
31, 5033–5043.
|
| |
| 33. |
Constantine, K. L., Goldfarb, V., Wittekind, M., Friedrichs, M. S., Anthony, J., Ng, S. C., and Mueller, L. (1993) Aliphatic
1H and 13C resonance assignments for the 26-10 antibody VL domain derived from heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. J. Biomol. NMR
3, 41–54.
|
| |
| 34. |
Goldman, E. R., Anderson, G. P., Liu, J. L., Delehanty, J. B., Sherwood, L. J., Osborn, L. E., Cummins, L. B., and Hayhurst,
A. (2006) Facile generation of heat-stable antiviral and antitoxin single domain antibodies from a semisynthetic llama library.
Anal. Chem.
78, 8245–8255.
|
| |
| 35. |
Harmsen, M. M. and de Haard, H. J. (2007) Properties, production, and applications of camelid single-domain antibody fragments.
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
77, 13–22.
|
| |
| 36. |
Cwirla, S. E., Peters, E. A., Barrett, R. W., and Dower, W. J. (1990) Peptides on phage: a vast library of peptides for identifying
ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
87, 6378–6382.
|
| |
| 37. |
Scott, J. K. and Smith, G. P. (1990) Searching for peptide ligands with an epitope library. Science
249, 386–390.
|
| |
| 38. |
Smith, G. P. (1985) Filamentous fusion phage: novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface.
Science
228, 1315–1317.
|
| |
| 39. |
Barbas, C. F., III, Kang, A. S., Lerner, R. A., and Benkovic, S. J. (1991) Assembly of combinatorial antibody libraries on
phage surfaces: the gene III site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
88, 7978–7982.
|
| |
| 40. |
Bradbury, A. and Cattaneo, A. (1995) The use of phage display in neurobiology. Trends Neurosci.
18, 243–249.
|
| |
| 41. |
Bradbury, A. (2003). scFvs and beyond. Drug Discov. Today
8, 737–739.
|
| |
| 42. |
Breitling, F., Dubel, S., Seehaus, T., Klewinghaus, I., and Little, M. (1991) A surface expression vector for antibody screening.
Gene
104, 147–153.
|
| |
| 43. |
Clackson, T., Hoogenboom, H. R., Griffiths, A. D., and Winter, G. (1991) Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries.
Nature
352, 624–628.
|
| |
| 44. |
Davies, J. and Riechmann, L. (1996) Single antibody domains as small recognition units: design and in vitro antigen selection of camelized, human VH domains with improved protein stability. Protein Eng.
9, 531–537.
|
| |
| 45. |
Hoogenboom, H. R., Griffiths, A. D., Johnson, K. S., Chiswell, D. J., Hudson, P., and Winter, G. (1991) Multi-subunit proteins
on the surface of filamentous phage: methodologies for displaying antibody (Fab) heavy and light chains. Nucleic Acids Res.
19, 4133–4137.
|
| |
| 46. |
Hoogenboom, H. R., de Bruine, A. P., Hufton, S. E., Hoet, R. M., Arends, J. W., and Roovers, R. C. (1998) Antibody phage display
technology and its applications. Immunotechnology
4, 1–20.
|
| |
| 47. |
Lowman, H. B. (1997) Bacteriophage display and discovery of peptide leads for drug development. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct.
26, 401–424.
|
| |
| 48. |
Marks, J. D., Hoogenboom, H. R., Bonnert, T. P., McCafferty, J., Griffiths, A. D., and Winter, G. (1991) By-passing immunization.
Human antibodies from V-gene libraries displayed on phage. J. Mol. Biol.
222, 581–597.
|
| |
| 49. |
McCafferty, J., Griffiths, A. D., Winter, G., and Chiswell, D. J. (1990) Phage antibodies: filamentous phage displaying antibody
variable domains. Nature
348, 552–554.
|
| |
| 50. |
Marks, J. D. and Bradbury, A. (2004) Selection of human antibodies from phage display libraries. Methods Mol. Biol.
248, 161–176.
|
| |
| 51. |
Sblattero, D. and Bradbury, A. (2000) Exploiting recombination in single bacteria to make large phage antibody libraries.
Nat. Biotechnol.
18, 75–80.
|
| |
| 52. |
Winter, G., Griffiths, A. D., Hawkins, R. E., and Hoogenboom, H. R. (1994) Making antibodies by phage display technology.
Annu. Rev. Immunol.
12, 433–455.
|
| |
| 53. |
Griffiths, A. D., Williams, S. C., Hartley, O., Tomlinson, I. M., Waterhouse, P., Crosby, W. L., Kontermann, R. E., Jones,
P. T., Low, N. M., Allison, T. J., et al. (1994) Isolation of high affinity human antibodies directly from large synthetic
repertoires. EMBO J.
13, 3245–3260.
|
| |
| 54. |
Sidhu, S. S., Li, B., Chen, Y., Fellouse, F. A., Eigenbrot, C., and Fuh, G. (2004) Phage-displayed antibody libraries of synthetic
heavy chain complementarity determining regions. J. Mol. Biol.
338, 299–310.
|
| |
| 55. |
Baek, H., Suk, K. H., Kim, Y. H., and Cha, S. (2002) An improved helper phage system for efficient isolation of specific antibody
molecules in phage display. Nucleic Acids Res.
30, e18.
|
| |
| 56. |
Chames, P. and Baty, D. (2000) Antibody engineering and its applications in tumor targeting and intracellular immunization.
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
189, 1–8.
|
| |
| 57. |
Arap, M. A. (2005) Phage display technology: applications and innovations. Genet. Mol. Biol.
28, 1–9.
|
| |
| 58. |
Conrad, U. and Scheller, J. (2005) Considerations on antibody-phage display methodology. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen.
8, 117–126.
|
| |
| 59. |
Duenas, M., Malmborg, A. C., Casalvilla, R., Ohlin, M., and Borrebaeck, C. A. (1996) Selection of phage displayed antibodies
based on kinetic constants. Mol. Immunol.
33, 279–285.
|
| |
| 60. |
Harrison, J. L., Williams, S. C., Winter, G., and Nissim, A. (1996) Screening of phage antibody libraries. Methods Enzymol.
267, 83–109.
|
| |
| 61. |
Hawkins, R. E., Russell, S. J., and Winter, G. (1992) Selection of phage antibodies by binding affinity mimicking affinity
maturation. J. Mol. Biol.
226, 889–896.
|
| |
| 62. |
Mancini, N., Carletti, S., Perotti, M., Canducci, F., Mammarella, M., Sampaolo, M., and Burioni, R. (2004) Phage display for
the production of human monoclonal antibodies against human pathogens. New Microbiol.
27, 315–328.
|
| |
| 63. |
Davies, J. and Riechmann, L. (1995) Antibody VH domains as small recognition units. Biotechnology NY
13, 475–479.
|
| |
| 64. |
Tanha, J., Nguyen, T. D., Ng, A., Ryan, S., Ni, F., and MacKenzie, R. (2006) Improving solubility and refolding efficiency
of human VHs by a novel mutational approach. Protein Eng. Des. Sel.
19, 503–509.
|
| |
| 65. |
Rondot, S., Koch, J., Breitling, F., and Dubel, S. (2001) A helper phage to improve single-chain antibody presentation in
phage display. Nat. Biotechnol.
19, 75–78.
|
| |
| 66. |
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (ed.) (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
|
| |
| 67. |
Desmyter, A., Transue, T. R., Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M., Thi, M. H., Poortmans, F., Hamers, R., Muyldermans, S., and Wyns, L. (1996)
Crystal structure of a camel single-domain VH antibody fragment in complex with lysozyme. Nat. Struct. Biol.
3, 803–811.
|
| |
| 68. |
Holliger, P. and Hudson, P. J. (2005) Engineered antibody fragments and the rise of single domains. Nat. Biotechnol.
23, 1126–1136.
|
| |
| 69. |
Stanfield, R. L., Dooley, H., Flajnik, M. F., and Wilson, I. A. (2004) Crystal structure of a shark single-domain antibody
V region in complex with lysozyme. Science
305, 1770–1773.
|
| |
| 70. |
Stijlemans, B., Conrath, K., Cortez-Retamozo, V., Van Xong, H., Wyns, L., Senter, P., Revets, H., De Baetselier, P., Muyldermans,
S., and Magez, S. (2004) Efficient targeting of conserved cryptic epitopes of infectious agents by single domain antibodies.
African trypanosomes as paradigm. J. Biol. Chem.
279, 1256–1261.
|
| |
| 71. |
Ho, S. N., Hunt, H. D., Horton, R. M., Pullen, J. K., and Pease, L. R. (1989) Site-directed mutagenesis by overlap extension
using the polymerase chain reaction. Gene
77, 51–59.
|
| |
| 72. |
Tung, W. L. and Chow, K. C. (1995) A modified medium for efficient electrotransformation of E. coli. Trends Genet.
11, 128–129.
|
| |
| 73. |
Tanha, J., Muruganandam, A., and Stanimirovic, D. (2003) Phage display technology for identifying specific antigens on brain
endothelial cells. Methods Mol. Med.
89, 435–450.
|
| |
| 74. |
Anand, N. N., Dubuc, G., Phipps, J., MacKenzie, C. R., Sadowska, J., Young, N. M., Bundle, D. R., and Narang, S. A. (1991)
Synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli of cistronic DNA encoding an antibody fragment specific for a Salmonella serotype B O-antigen. Gene
100, 39–44.
|
| |
| 75. |
MacKenzie, C. R., Sharma, V., Brummell, D., Bilous, D., Dubuc, G., Sadowska, J., Young, N. M., Bundle, D. R., and Narang,
S. A. (1994) Effect of Cλ-Cκ domain switching on Fab activity and yield in Escherichia coli: synthesis and expression of genes encoding two anti-carbohydrate Fabs. Biotechnology NY
12, 390–395.
|
| |
| 76. |
Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature
227, 680–685.
|
| |
| 77. |
Pace, C. N., Vajdos, F., Fee, L., Grimsley, G., and Gray, T. (1995) How to measure and predict the molar absorption coefficient
of a protein. Protein Sci.
4, 2411–2423.
|
| |
| 78. |
Ewert, S., Cambillau, C., Conrath, K., and Plűckthun, A. (2002) Biophysical properties of camelid VHH domains compared to those of human VH3 domains. Biochemistry
41, 3628–3636.
|
| |
| 79. |
Ewert, S., Huber, T., Honegger, A., and Plűckthun, A. (2003) Biophysical properties of human antibody variable domains. J. Mol. Biol.
325, 531–553.
|
| |
| 80. |
Zhang, J., Tanha, J., Hirama, T., Khieu, N. H., To, R., Tong-Sevinc, H., Stone, E., Brisson, J. R., and MacKenzie, C. R. (2004)
Pentamerization of single-domain antibodies from phage libraries: A novel strategy for the rapid generation of high-avidity
antibody reagents. J. Mol. Biol.
335, 49–56.
|
| |
| 81. |
Christ, D., Famm, K., and Winter, G. (2006) Tapping diversity lost in transformations – in vitro amplification of ligation reactions. Nucleic Acids Res.
34, e108.
|
| |
| 82. |
Kabat, E. A., Wu, T. T., Perry, H. M., Gottesman, K. S. and Foeller, C. (ed.) (1991). Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest. US Department of Health and Human Services, US Public Health Service, Bethesda, MD.
|
| |
| 83. |
Stone, E., Hirama, T., Tanha, J., Tong-Sevinc, H., Li, S., MacKenzie, C. R., and Zhang, J. (2007). The assembly of single
domain antibodies into bispecific decavalent molecules. J. Immunol. Methods
318, 88–94.
|
| |