| 1. |
Boyd, R. L., Tucek, C. L., Godfrey, D. L, et al. (1993) The thymic microenvironment. Immunol. Today
14, 445–459.
|
| |
| 2. |
van Ewijk, W., Shores, E. W., and Singer, A. (1994) Crosstalk in the mouse thymus. Immunol. Today
15, 214–217.
|
| |
| 3. |
Van Vliet, E., Jenkinson, E. J., Kingston, R., Owen, J. J., and Van Ewijk, W. (1985) Stromal cell types in the developing
thymus of the normal and nude mouse embryo. Eur. J. Immunol.
15, 675–681.
|
| |
| 4. |
Lind, E. F., Prockop, S. E., Porritt, H. E., and Petrie, H. T. (2001) Mapping precursor movement through the postnatal thymus
reveals specific microenvironments supporting defined stages of early lymphoid development. J. Exp. Med.
194, 127–134.
|
| |
| 5. |
van de Wijngaert, F. P., Rademakers, L. H., Schuurman, H. J., de Weger, R. A., and Kater, L. (1983) Identification and in
situ localization of the “thymic nurse cell” in man. J. Immunol.
130, 2348–2351.
|
| |
| 6. |
Brekelmans, P. and van Ewijk, W. (1990) Phenotypic characterization of murine thymic microenvironments. Semin. Immunol.
2, 13–24.
|
| |
| 7. |
Boyd, R. L., Wilson, T. J., Bean, A. G., Ward, H. A., and Gershwin, M. E. (1992) Phenotypic characterization of chicken thymic
stromal elements. Dev. Immunol.
2, 51–66.
|
| |
| 8. |
Godfrey, D. L, Izon, D. J., Tucek, C. L., Wilson, T. J., and Boyd, R. L. (1990) The phenotypic heterogeneity of mouse thymic
stromal cells. Immunol.
70, 66–74.
|
| |
| 9. |
van de Wijngaert, F. P., Kendall, M. D., Schuurman, H. J., Rademakers, L. H., and Kater, L. (1984) Heterogeneity of epithelial
cells in the human thymus. An ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res.
237, 227–237.
|
| |
| 10. |
Wekerle, H. and Ketelsen, U. P. (1980) Thymic nurse cells-Ia-bearing epithelium involved in T-lymphocyte differentiation?
Nature
283, 402–404.
|
| |
| 11. |
Wekerle, H., Ketelsen, U. P., and Ernst, M. (1980) Thymic nurse cells. Lymphoepithelial cell complexes in murine thymuses:
morphological and serological characterization. J. Exp. Med.
151, 925–944.
|
| |
| 12. |
von Gaudecker, B., Steinmann, G. G., Hansmann, M. L., Harpprecht, J., Milicevic, N. M., and Muller-Hermelink, H. K. (1986)
Immunohistochemical characterization of the thymic microenvironment. A light-microscopic and ultrastructural immunocytochemical
study. Cell Tissue Res.
244, 403–412.
|
| |
| 13. |
Bofill, M., Janossy, G., Willcox, N., Chilosi, M., Trejdosiewicz, L. K., and Newsom-Davis, J. (1985) Microenvironments in
the normal thymus and the thymus in myasthenia gravis. Am. J. Pathol.
119, 462–473.
|
| |
| 14. |
Surh, C. D., Gao, E. K., Kosaka, H., et al. (1992) Two subsets of epithelial cells in the thymic medulla. J. Exp. Med.
176, 495–505.
|
| |
| 15. |
Farr, A. G. and Nakane, P. K. (1983) Cells bearing Ia antigens in the murine thymus. An ultrastructural study. Am. J. Pathol.
111, 88–97.
|
| |
| 16. |
Jenkinson, E. J., Van Ewijk, W., and Owen, J. J. (1981) Major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on the epithelium
of the developing thymus in normal and nude mice. J. Exp. Med.
153, 280–292.
|
| |
| 17. |
Klug, D. B., Carter, C., Crouch, E., Roop, D., Conti, C. J., and Richie, E. R. (1998) Interdependence of cortical thymic epithelial
cell differentiation and T-lineage commitment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95, 11,822–11,827.
|
| |
| 18. |
Duijvestijn, A. M. and Hoefsmit, E. C. (1981) Ultrastructure of the rat thymus: the micro-environment of T-lymphocyte maturation.
Cell Tissue Res.
218, 279–292.
|
| |
| 19. |
Milicevic, N. M., Milicevic, Z., Colic, M., and Mujovic, S. (1987) Ultrastructural study of macrophages in the rat thymus,
with special reference to the corticomedullary zone. J. Anat.
150, 89–98.
|
| |
| 20. |
Cardarelli, P. M., Crispe, I. N., and Pierschbacher, M. D. (1988) Preferential expression of fibronectin receptors on immature
thymocytes. J. Cell Biol.
106, 2183–2190.
|
| |
| 21. |
Cardarelli, P. M. and Pierschbacher, M. D. (1986) T-lymphocyte differentiation and the extracellular matrix: identification
of a thymocyte subset that attaches specifically to fibronectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
83, 2647–2651.
|
| |
| 22. |
Schreiber, L., Eshel, I., Meilin, A., Sharabi, Y., and Shoham, J. (1991) Analysis of thymic stromal cell subpopulations grown
in vitro on extracellular matrix in defined medium. III. Growth conditions of human thymic epithelial cells and immunomodulatory
activities in their culture supernatant. Immunol.
74, 621–629.
|
| |
| 23. |
Watt, S. M., Thomas, J. A., Murdoch, S. J., Kearney, L., Chang, S. E., and Bartek, J. (1991) Human thymic epithelial cells
are frequently transformed by retro viral vectors encoding simian virus 40. Cell. Immunol.
138, 456–472.
|
| |
| 24. |
Anderson, G., Anderson, K. L., Tchilian, E. Z., Owen, J. J., and Jenkinson, E. J. (1997) Fibroblast dependency during early
thymocyte development maps to the CD25+ CD44+ stage and involves interactions with fibroblast matrix molecules. Eur. J. Immunol.
27, 1200–1206.
|
| |
| 25. |
Boyd, R. L. and Hugo, P. (1991) Towards an integrated view of thymopoiesis. Immunol. Today
12, 71–79.
|
| |
| 26. |
Savino, W., Villa-Verde, D. M. and Lannes-Vieira, J. (1993) Extracellular matrix proteins in intrathymic T-cell migration
and differentiation? Immunol. Today
14, 158–161.
|
| |
| 27. |
Watt, S. M., Thomas, J. A., Edwards, A. J., Murdoch, S. J., and Horton, M. A. (1992) Adhesion receptors are differentially
expressed on developing thymocytes and epithelium in human thymus. Exp. Hematol.
20, 1101–1111.
|
| |
| 28. |
Plotkin, J., Prockop, S. E., Lepique, A., and Petrie, H. T. (2003) Critical role for CXCR4 signaling in progenitor localization
and T cell differentiation in the postnatal thymus. J. Immunol.
171, 4521–4527.
|
| |
| 29. |
Anderson, G., Owen, J. J., Moore, N. C., and Jenkinson, E. J. (1994) Thymic epithelial cells provide unique signals for positive
selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes in vitro. J. Exp. Med.
179, 2027–2031.
|
| |
| 30. |
Ge, Q. and Chen, W. F. (2000) Effect of murine thymic epithelial cell line (MTEC1) on the functional expression of CD4(+)CD8(−)
thymocyte subgroups. Int. Immunol.
12, 1127–1133.
|
| |
| 31. |
Moore, N. C., Anderson, G., Smith, C. A., Owen, J. J., and Jenkinson, E. J. (1993) Analysis of cytokine gene expression in
subpopulations of freshly isolated thymocytes and thymic stromal cells using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. Eur. J. Immunol.
23, 922–927.
|
| |
| 32. |
Hare, K. J., Jenkinson, E. J., and Anderson, G. (2000) An essential role for the IL-7 receptor during intrathymic expansion
of the positively selected neonatal T cell repertoire. J. Immunol.
165, 2410–2414.
|
| |
| 33. |
Zamisch, M., Moore-Scott, B., Su, D. M., Lucas, P. J., Manley, N., and Richie, E. R. (2005) Ontogeny and regulation of IL-7-expressing
thymic epithelial cells. J. Immunol.
17 4, 60–67.
|
| |
| 34. |
von Freeden-Jeffry, U., Vieira, P., Lucian, L. A., McNeil, T., Burdach, S. E., and Murray, R. (1995) Lymphopenia in interleukin
(IL)-7 gene-deleted mice identifies IL-7 as a nonredundant cytokine. J. Exp. Med.
181, 1519–1526.
|
| |
| 35. |
Crompton, T., Outram, S. V., Buckland, J., and Owen, M. J. (1998) Distinct roles of the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain
in fetal and adult thymocyte development revealed by analysis of interleukin-7 receptor alpha-deficient mice. Eur. J. Immunol.
28, 1859–1866.
|
| |
| 36. |
Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C., Di, J., and Lenardo, M. J. (1995) Requirement for TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha in fetal thymocyte commitment
and differentiation. Science
268, 1906–1909.
|
| |
| 37. |
Savino, W., Mendes-da-Cruz, D. A., Silva, J. S., Dardenne, M., and Cotta-de-Almeida, V. (2002) Intrathymic T-cell migration:
a combinatorial interplay of extracellular matrix and chemokines? Trends Immunol.
23, 305–313.
|
| |
| 38. |
Misslitz, A., Pabst, O., Hintzen, G., Ohl, L., Kremmer, E., Petrie, H. T., and Forster, R. (2004) Thymic T cell development
and progenitor localization depend on CCR7. J. Exp. Med.
200, 481–491.
|
| |
| 39. |
Benz, C., Heinzel, K., and Bleul, C. C. (2004) Homing of immature thymocytes to the subcapsular microenvironment within the
thymus is not an absolute requirement for T cell development. Eur. J. Immunol.
34, 3652–3663.
|
| |
| 40. |
Cosgrove, D., Chan, S. H., Waltzinger, C., Benoist, C., and Mathis, D. (1992) The thymic compartment responsible for positive
selection of CD4+ T cells. Int. Immunol.
4, 707–710.
|
| |
| 41. |
Benoist, C. and Mathis, D. (1989) Positive selection of the T cell repertoire: where and when does it occur? Cell
58, 1027–1033.
|
| |
| 42. |
Berg, L. J., Pullen, A. M., Fazekas de St. Groth, B., Mathis, D., Benoist, C., and Davis, M. M. (1989) Antigen/MHC-specific
T cells are preferentially exported from the thymus in the presence of their MHC ligand. Cell
58, 1035–1046.
|
| |
| 43. |
Wilson, A., MacDonald, H. R., and Radtke, F. (2001) Notch 1-deficient common lymphoid precursors adopt a B cell fate in the
thymus. J. Exp. Med.
194, 1003–1012.
|
| |
| 44. |
Radtke, F., Wilson, A., Stark, G., et al. (1999) Deficient T cell fate specification in mice with an induced inactivation
of Notch1. Immunity
10, 547–558.
|
| |
| 45. |
Harman, B. C., Jenkinson, E. J., and Anderson, G. (2003) Entry into the thymic microenvironment triggers Notch activation
in the earliest migrant T cell progenitors. J. Immunol.
170, 1299–1303.
|
| |
| 46. |
Anderson, G., Pongracz, J., Parnell, S., and Jenkinson, E. J. (2001) Notch ligand-bearing thymic epithelial cells initiate
and sustain Notch signaling in thymocytes independently of T cell receptor signaling. Eur. J. Immunol.
31, 3349–3354.
|
| |
| 47. |
Allman, D., Karnell, F. G., Punt, J. A., et al. (2001) Separation of Notch1 promoted lineage commitment and expansion/transformation
in developing T cells. J. Exp. Med.
194, 99–106.
|
| |
| 48. |
Huang, E. Y., Gallegos, A. M., Richards, S. M., Lehar, S. M., and Bevan, M. J. (2003) Surface expression of Notch1 on thymocytes:
correlation with the double-negative to double-positive transition. J. Immunol.
171, 2296–2304.
|
| |
| 49. |
Deftos, M. L., Huang, E., Ojala, E. W., Forbush, K. A., and Bevan, M. J. (2000) Notch1 signaling promotes the maturation of
CD4 and CD8 SP thymocytes. Immunity
13, 73–84.
|
| |
| 50. |
Deftos, M. L., He, Y. W., Ojala, E. W., and Bevan, M. J. (1998) Correlating notch signaling with thymocyte maturation. Immunity
9, 777–786.
|
| |
| 51. |
Kyewski, B., Derbinski, J., Gotter, J., and Klein, L. (2002) Promiscuous gene expression and central T-cell tolerance: more
than meets the eye. Trends Immunol.
23, 364–371.
|
| |
| 52. |
Gotter, J., Brors, B., Hergenhahn, M., and Kyewski, B. (2004) Medullary epithelial cells of the human thymus express a highly
diverse selection of tissue-specific genes colocalized in chromosomal clusters. J. Exp. Med.
199, 155–166.
|
| |
| 53. |
Boehm, T., Scheu, S., Pfeffer, K., and Bleul, C. C. (2003) Thymic medullary epithelial cell differentiation, thymocyte emigration,
and the control of autoimmunity require lympho-epithelial cross talk via LTβR. J. Exp. Med.
198, 757–769.
|
| |
| 54. |
Anderson, M. S., Venanzi, E. S., Klein, L., et al. (2002) Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by
the aire protein. Science
298, 1395–1401.
|
| |
| 55. |
Chin, R. K., Lo, J. C., Kim, O., et al. (2003) Lymphotoxin pathway directs thymic Aire expression. Nat. Immunol.
4, 1121–1127.
|
| |
| 56. |
Gotter, J. and Kyewski, B. (2004) Regulating self-tolerance by deregulating gene expression. Curr. Opin. Immunol.
16, 741–745.
|
| |
| 57. |
Liston, A., Lesage, S., Wilson, J., Peltonen, L., and Goodnow, C. C. (2003) Aire regulates negative selection of organ-specific
T cells. Nat. Immunol.
4, 350–354.
|
| |
| 58. |
Villasenor, J., Benoist, C., and Mathis, D. (2005) AIRE and APECED: molecular insights into an autoimmune disease. Immunol. Rev.
204, 156–164.
|
| |
| 59. |
Vogel, A., Liermann, H., Harms, A., Strassburg, C. P., Manns, M. P., and Obermayer-Straub, P. (2001) Autoimmune regulator
AIRE: evidence for genetic differences between autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis as part of the autoimmune poly glandular
syndrome type 1. Hepatol.
33, 1047–1052.
|
| |
| 60. |
Le Lievre, C. S. and Le Douarin, N. M. (1975) Mesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest: analysis of chimaeric quail and
chick embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol.
34, 125–154.
|
| |
| 61. |
Jiang, X., Rowitch, D. H., Soriano, P., McMahon, A. P., and Sucov, H. M. (2000) Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest.
Development
127, 1607–1616.
|
| |
| 62. |
Owen, J. J. and Ritter, M. A. (1969) Tissue interaction in the development of thymus lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med.
129, 431–442.
|
| |
| 63. |
Cordier, A. C. and Haumont, S. M. (1980) Development of thymus, parathyroids, and ultimo-branchial bodies in NMRI and nude
mice. Am. J. Anat.
157, 227–263.
|
| |
| 64. |
Jotereau, F., Heuze, F., Salomon-Vie, V., and Gascan, H. (1987) Cell kinetics in the fetal mouse thymus: precursor cell input,
proliferation, and emigration. J. Immunol.
138, 1026–1030.
|
| |
| 65. |
Douagi, I., Andre, I., Ferraz, J. C., and Cumano, A. (2000) Characterization of T cell precursor activity in the murine fetal
thymus: evidence for an input of T cell precursors between days 12 and 14 of gestation. Eur. J. Immunol.
30, 2201–2210.
|
| |
| 66. |
Bennett, A. R., Farley, A., Blair, N. R, Gordon, J., Sharp, L., and Blackburn, C. C. (2002) Identification and characterization
of thymic epithelial progenitor cells. Immunity
16, 803–814.
|
| |
| 67. |
Klug, D. B., Carter, C., Gimenez-Conti, I. B., and Richie, E. R. (2002) Cutting edge: thymocyte-independent and thymocyte-dependent
phases of epithelial patterning in the fetal thymus. J. Immunol.
169, 2842–2845.
|
| |
| 68. |
Jenkinson, W. E., Rossi, S. W., Jenkinson, E. J., and Anderson, G. (2005) Development of functional thymic epithelial cells
occurs independently of lymphostromal interactions. Mech. Dev.
122, 1294–1299.
|
| |
| 69. |
Van Vliet, E., Melis, M., and Van Ewijk, W. (1984) Monoclonal antibodies to stromal cell types of the mouse thymus. Eur. J. Immunol.
14, 524–529.
|
| |
| 70. |
Cordier, A. C. and Heremans, J. R (1975) Nude mouse embryo: ectodermal nature of the primordial thymic defect. Scand. J. Immunol.
4, 193–196.
|
| |
| 71. |
Le Douarin, N. M. and Jotereau, R V. (1975) Tracing of cells of the avian thymus through embryonic life in interspecific chimeras.
J. Exp. Med.
142, 17–40.
|
| |
| 72. |
Gordon, J., Wilson, V. A., Blair, N. R. et al. (2004) Functional evidence for a single endodermal origin for the thymic epithelium.
Nat. Immunol.
5, 546–553.
|
| |
| 73. |
Blackburn, C. C. and Manley, N. R. (2004) Developing a new paradigm for thymus organogenesis. Nat. Rev. Immunol.
4, 278–289.
|
| |
| 74. |
Manley, N. R. and Blackburn, C. C. (2003) A developmental look at thymus organogenesis: where do the non-hematopoietic cells
in the thymus come from? Curr. Opin. Immunol.
15, 225–232.
|
| |
| 75. |
Schluep, M., Willcox, N., Ritter, M. A., Newsom-Davis, J., Larche, M., and Brown, A. N. (1988) Myasthenia gravis thymus: clinical,
histological and culture correlations. J. Autoimmun.
1, 445–467.
|
| |
| 76. |
Blackburn, C. C., Augustine, C. L., Li, R., et al. (1996) The nu gene acts cell-autonomously and is required for differentiation
of thymic epithelial progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
93, 5742–5746.
|
| |
| 77. |
Godfrey, D. I., Izon, D. J., Tucek, C. L., Wilson, T. J., and Boyd, R. L. (1990) The phenotypic heterogeneity of mouse thymic
stromal cells. Immunol. Today
70, 66–74.
|
| |
| 78. |
Hollander, G. A., Wang, B., Nichogiannopoulou, A., et al. (1995) Developmental control point in the induction of thymic cortex
regulated by a subpopulation of prothymocytes. Nature
373, 350–353.
|
| |
| 79. |
Gill, J., Malin, M., Hollander, G. A., and Boyd, R. (2002) Generation of a com-plete thymic microenvironment by MTS24(+) thymic
epithelial cells. Nat. Immunol.
3, 635–642.
|
| |
| 80. |
Rodewald, H. R., Paul, S., Haller, C., Bluethmann, H., and Blum, C. (2001) Thymus medulla consisting of epithelial islets
each derived from a single progenitor. Nature
414, 763–768.
|
| |
| 81. |
Klug, D. B., Crouch, E., Carter, C., Coghlan, L., Conti, C. J., and Richie, E. R. (2000) Transgenic expression of cyclin D1
in thymic epithelial precursors promotes epithelial andT cell development. J. Immunol.
164, 1881–1888.
|
| |
| 82. |
Norris, E. H. (1938) The morphogenesis and histogenesis of the thymus gland in man: in which the origin of the Hassall’s corpuscle
of the human thymus is discovered. Contr. Embryol. Carnegie Instn.
27, 191–207.
|
| |
| 83. |
Weller, G. L. (1933) Development of the thyroid, parathyroid and thymus glands in man. Cont. Embryol.
141, 95–138.
|
| |
| 84. |
Van Dyke, J. H. (1941) On the origin of accessory thymus tissue, thymus IV: the occurrence in man. Anat. Rec.
79, 179–209.
|
| |
| 85. |
Lampert, I. A. and Ritter, M. A. (1988) The origin of the diverse epithelial cells of the thymus: is there a common stem cell?
In: Thymus Update, (Kendall, M. D. and Ritter, M. A., eds.), Harwood Academic, UK, pp. 5–25.
|
| |
| 86. |
Lobach, D. F. and Haynes, B. F. (1986) Ontogeny of the human thumus during fetal development. J. Clin. Immunol.
7, 81–97.
|
| |
| 87. |
Auerbach, R. (1960) Morphogenetic interactions in the development of the mouse thymus gland. Dev. Biol.
2, 271–284.
|
| |
| 88. |
Bockman, D. E. and Kirby, M. L. (1984) Dependence of thymus development on derivatives of the neural crest. Science
223, 498–500.
|
| |
| 89. |
Revest, J. M., Suniara, R. K., Kerr, K., Owen, J. J., and Dickson, C. (2001) Development of the thymus requires signaling
through the fibroblast growth factor receptor R2-IIIb. J. Immunol.
167, 1954–1961.
|
| |
| 90. |
Shinohara, T. and Honjo, T. (1997) Studies in vitro on the mechanism of the epithelial/mesenchymal interaction in the early
fetal thymus. Eur. J. Immunol.
27, 522–529.
|
| |
| 91. |
Anderson, G. and Jenkinson, E. J. (2001) Lymphostromal interactions in thymic development and function. Nat. Rev. Immunol.
1, 31–40.
|
| |
| 92. |
Ritter, M. A. and Boyd, R. L. (1993) Development in the thymus: it takes |